Good day Sir/Ma I can't find Bcj318 among the SIWES courses log and also Broadcast Journalism as my discipline, please Sir/Ma, this has been the reason my internship has been delayed, instead of BCJ318, it is two MAC318 that's on the SIWES COURSES PAGE.
Hello good afternoon
Please I picked 12 weeks for my IT instead of 24 weeks and I've not printed out the placement letter, can I refill the form and pick 24 weeks?
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TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2007Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptatioyield and cow replacement rate. Anim. Sci. 82, 705–716 [Google Scholar]
]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2007Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptatioyield and cow replacement rate. Anim. Sci. 82, 705–716 [Google Scholar]
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I.T/SIWES
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2007Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptatioyield and cow replacement rate. Anim. Sci. 82, 705–716 [Google Scholar]
]
I.T/SIWES
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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]
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORKING EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
UNDERTAKING AT
WEPPA FARM LEVENTIS FOUNDATION AGENEBODE, EDO STATE OF NIGERIA.
BY
SALIHU MUHAMMED
MAT NO: NOU201001102
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, FUGAR STUDY CENTRE
.
IN A PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARDS OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.
SUPERVISOR:MR APARTA
SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………ii
AKNOWLEGMENT……………………………………………………….iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………..iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………v
CHAPTER ONE POLTRY PRODUCTION 1
1.1 About poultry……………………………………………………………2
1.2 Type of poultry………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Type of birds in poultry…………………………………………………3
1.4 Brooding of birds in poulty……………………………………………..4
1.5 Disease of birds………………………………………………………….5
1.6 Treatment of birds……………………………………………………….6
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man……………………………………………7
CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to the fishery …………………………………………………8
2.2 Type of fish reared in Leventis……………………………………………9
2.3 Type of pond use…………………………………………………………10
2.4 Maintainance of pond…………………………………………………….11
2.5 Fish processing in Leventis………………………………………………..12
2.7 Disease of fish and treatment…………………………………………….13
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Maggot production……………………………………………………….14
3.2 Harvesting method of maggot……………………………………………15
3.3 Uses of maggot……………………………………………………………16
3.4 Material use in stimulation of maggot production………………………..17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Rabbit and Grass cutter production……………………………………….18
4.2 Breeds of rabbit……………………………………………………………19
4.3 Feeds of rabbit…………………………………………………………….20
4.4 Housing of rabbit…………………………………………………………..21
4.5 Disease of rabbit and control………………………………………………22
4.6 Grass cutter production……………………………………………………23
4.7 Breeds of grass cutter………………………………………………………24
4.8 Feeds of grass cutter…………………………………………………….....25
4.9 Disease of grass cutter and control…………………………………………26
4.10 Piggery production……………………………………………………….27
4.11 Type of pig / breeds of pigs………………………………………………28
4.12 Feeds of pigs………………………………………………………………29
4.13 Disease of pigs & control………………………………………………….30
CHAPTER 5
5.1 WORK SHOPS & STORAGE FACILITY……………………………..31
5.2 safety measure and information…………………………………………32
5.3 Tools requirement……………………………………………………….33
5.4 Trouble shooting engine………………………………………………...34
5.5 Emission system…………………………………………………………35
5.6 Engine cooling system…………………………………………………..36
5.7 Filter and fluids………………………………………………………….37
5.8 Brake problem…………………………………………………………...38
5.9 Cylinder head and gaskets ……………………………………………….39
5.10 Spark plugs…………………………………………………………….40
5.11 Storage facility…………………………………………………………41
5.12 Type of material found in the store …………………………………...42
5.13 Safety precaution in the store………………………………………….43
CHAPTER 6 FEED MILL PRODUCTION
6.1 feed mill processing…………………………………………………….44
6.2 type of feed formulation………………………………………………..45
6.3 Material use in formulations……………………………………………46
6.4 safety precaution………………………………………………………..47
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUCTION
7.1 How to harvest oil palm bunch…………………………………………48
7.2 cooking process…………………………………………………………49
7.3 Fermentation process……………………………………………………50
7.4 Milling process…………………………………………………………..51
7.5 The uses of palm kernel and the shaft …………………………………….52
7.6 Palm Oil storage…………………………………………………………..53
7.7 Safety precaution…………………………………………………………54
7.8 Sales process………………………………………………………………55
7.9 Nursery process of oil palm……………………………………………….56
7.10 Transplanting to the field………………………………………………...57
7.11 Fertilizer application……………………………………………………..58
7.12 Disease of oil palm / control……………………………………………..59
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Observations………………………………………………………………60
8.2 Contribution……………………………………………………………….61
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………62
9.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………...63
9.3 Challenge encounter during the training……………………………………64
9.4 Reference……………………………………………………………………65
ii DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mrs. and Mrs. Yakibu Salihu and Salihu Hanjarat for their unconditional support in my life.
And also my profund gratitude goes to my brother salihu Abdulazeez and my big thanks to the farm director mr Sir kayode simeon weppa farm leventis foundation for his kind gesture.
Iam grateful to the entire weppa farm staff and the workers for providing opportunities to expose to a vital knowledge gained from different sections.
Finally,my unlimited gratitude to my institution base supervisor Mr. Apata for his advice and support and also my sincerely greeting to the entire staff of national open university of Nigeria, Fugar study centre. I say thanks you all.Am highly grateful.
IV ABSTRACT
The Student Industrial Work Experience was Scheme established by the federal government of Nigeria was aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skills and practical experience in their approved courses of study and also to prepare the student for the industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.This technical report is base on the experience gained during my six month of industrial training at Weppa Farm Leventis Foundation,Agiere Edo state of Nigeria.This report highlights how various agricultural products and livestocks are been manage and kept such as :Poultry production which includes, Brooding house,Layers,Pullets,Broilers and their liters management.And Fishery production such as:Fingerlings,juvenine,feeding,washing of pond,Earthen pond fish and smoking of fish for the customers as well as the disease of fish and the prevention, and the production and harvesting of maggot for the feeds supplement of fish.Working in feed mill is also part of the training such as : producing of layers mash,grower mash,broiler finisher and starter and chick mash for the pullets.The training also exposed me in workshops area such as:changing of oil filter,fuel filter,changing of bearing and servce of power stearing and brake pad and more also is the Spare-part store where various part are kept and sign out base on the daily use for the repairs and proper recod keeping.The training also expose me to the Piggry rearing such as: Bull,Sow,Litters and prevention of the disease and proper feeding routine.Cattle production and Grass cutter and Rabbit production was also involve for the training and finally, oil palm and oil mill section was also very interesting part suh as : Harvesting and debucnching of the fresh karnel,cooking and the milling of the karnel and the extraction of the red oil palm.Most importantly,it describes the activities and my experience gained during the period of training and also stated the problems encounter and gave suggestions for the improvements of the scheme.
1 Chapter one
1.1 About poultry:poultry generally refer to domesticated birds that are purposely used as food for man.
These poultry involved the domestication of birds which includes : domestic fowl,Turkeys,Ducks,Guinea fowl,Quils,Ostrich and Pigeon etc.
1.2 Type of poultry
The major type of poultry includes the following:
1 Extensive/ free range system:This system involve the rearing of chicken in an open / unrestricted environment with or without artificial shelter
advantage
1 It reduce the cost of feeding
2 It involve low capital investment
3 It eliminate cannibalism among birds
disadvantage
1 difficulty in controlling birds during disease outbreak
2 looses of birds and eggs through accidental i.e staff and predator
3 It require large area of land.
(2) Semi intensive / restricted range system:the system involve the rearing of birds in the poultry room which is an area land enclose by fence of wire netting.
advantage
1 The birds are under restricted area
2 it prevent unwanted cross-breeding in birds
3 it prevent the birds from predators and theft
disadvantage
1 it involve high cost of production
2 it require more laboure attendant
3 it involve more capital
(3) Intensive system : this is sub-divided into two i.e deep litter system and open litter system.
It involve rearing of birds in a confine area.
advantage
1 No risk of predator trouble
2 minimal disease infection
3 high productivity & profitability
disadvantage
1 increase in natural nutrient deficiency
2 high cost of production
3 difficulties in floor maintainance
1.3 Type of birds in poultry
The following are the type of birds in poultry:
1 Eggs type
2 Meat type
3 Dual purpose
Eggs type: these are the breeds of birds use in eggs production,they have small body size i.e Harco,Ancona,Rhode island Red etc
(1) Meat type:these are the breeds of birds rearing for meat production i.eWyandotte,Plymouth etc.
(2) Dual purpose:these are the breeds birds that are raise for both meat and eggs production i.e Light Sussex, Rhode island red etc
1.4 Brooding of birds in poultry
Brooding of day old chicks is important and delicate operation,any mismanagement at this stage will show up later as a heavy financial loss to the farmer through excessive mortality.
This brooding management include the following
Feeding and watering equipment: feeding and watering equipment of small size should be provided.
Twenty four hour before the arrival of the birds, the brooding house should be set to require temperature(35○ḉ).
Broiler management: this is a young chicken of either sex being intensively fed for meat production.
With good strain ,diet and management, they reach market weight of 1.5kg-2kg live weight in 8-12 weeks.At this stage,their meat is tender, juicy and well flavor.
1.5 Diseases of birds
Disease is any deviation from the normal physiological state of health.
Its always better to prevent a disease than to cure it.
The disease of the birds in poultry can be classified into the following:
(a) Pathogenic disease:These are the disease that brought about the presences of one or more pathogenic organism.
(b) Management disease: Bad management can cause pathogenic invasion and can also cause disease directly e.g overcrowding can leads to rapid transfer of disease from sick animals to health ones.
(c) Defficiency diseases:These are disease cause by lack of one or more essential nutrients needed for growth and development in body.
(d) Metabolic disease:These are group of disease which are cause by a faulty metabolic process in the body.
1.6 Treatment of disease
The following precaution can be taken by the poultry keepers to prevent the spread of disease.
(i) The setting of and management of poultry house:this is very important in any disease control programme,this to ensure that birds of different age are not kept in close proximity.
(ii) The poultry house should be thoroughly disinfected and clean and a space of atleast two week before bring in new batch of birds
(iii) Sicks birds should be isolated and to prevent them from infecting others birds
(iv) control by vaccination: birds should be vaccinated against the common disease in the locality.
1.7 Advantages of poultry to man
1. Poutry production can be used to minimize the protein intake in-balance in Nigeria.
2.There is low cost of production and quick returns from poultry compared to other farm animals
3. Poultry are efficient feed converter to meat and egg
4.Poultry birds assist in scientific research
5.Poultry also give useful by- product like feather and droppings
2.0 CHAPTER TWO FISHERY PRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction to fishery production:Fishery refer to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals.
All the animal living in the water ,fish is the most largest part of them,fish belong to the group of aquatic vertebrate i.e they have back bone.They are specially raise and live and reproduce in the water.
2.2 Type 0f fish reared in Leventis weppa farm
Weppa farm is basically on purchasing of Cat fish from hatchery in Benin city or Ibadan either as fingerlings or juvenine and stocked in their pond which can either be concrete pond or plastic pond known as vart.
The fingerling are expected to reach market size at least three to four month if they are properly feed with high nutritive feeds.
Weppa farm usually feed their fish with secreting at early stage and vital feed at the rational stage.
2.3 Type of pond use in weppa farm
The following are the type of pond used in rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm:
(i) Concrete pond:This is the type of ponds that is made up of cement,sand,water and even to the extent of using rode.The size vary from number of fish of which there is 100m by 100m for atleast 10000 fingerlings at early stage.
(ii)Vart pond: this is made up of plastic rubber manucture as an oval shape which can hold and retained water for the fish,it contain outlet and inlet use for the introducing and discharging of water if it dirt or overflow.
(iii) Earthen pond:This is one of the biggest culture material use for the rearing of cat fish in Weppa farm,post juvenine are the most stock fish in this aspect because of cannibalisms.
Large number of fish can be stocked in this area depend on size of earthen pond.Weppa farm have about sixty to seventy earthen pond and each contain roughly about fourty thousounds fishs.
2.4 MAINTAINANACE OF POND
The following are the method of maintain pond:
1.Washing of the pond:Washing is done at regular time whenever there is much algae at side of the pond.And there is no need of washing the depth of the pond so as to prevent un-necessary stress of the fish
2. Changing of water : This is done by constant removing of dirt water from the pond through outlet pipe and re-introducing of fresh water through inlet pine until the water is totally clean.
Notice that the rate of change of pond water depend on the number of fish and the stocking capacity.
3. Removing of mortality from pond: Prompt removing of mortality from pond is the major method use in prevent pond and water pollutant, it is very important to walk round the pond in the morning to check if there are mortality as to avoid the constant changing of water and stress free to the fish.
4. Sorting of fish into various pond: Early sorting of fish also help much in maintain of pond and reduce the number into various pond to avoid over stocks.
2.5 FISH PROCESSING IN LEVENTIS WEPPA FARM
Fish processing in Weppa farm : the method of processing fish in the Weppa farm is through smoking in sub unit call smoking klyn .
The process involve harvesting of fresh fish count, tie in the sacks and leave for a while to tatally killed them before folding,after folding,the fish are wash and applying of salt to aid the process of drying and to add sweetness to the fish,then it is placed and arrange in the smoking klyn for drying where either the wood is use or charcoal for the drying.
2.6 DISEAS OF FISH AND THE TREATMENT
The following are the disease of fish:
1.Infectious disease:these are disease that are cause by germs such as bacteria,fungi or vius which attack the living tissue.
Prevention:provision of good quality and pathogen free water and treat with anti biotic or viral drugs which include floxinor,tetracycline,tiviral etc.
2.parasitic disease: these are disease that are cause by organism called parasites which live in or other animals known as host e.g., protozoan,crustaceans and worm.
Prevention: good management practice and treatment of fish with protozoan drugs and regular changing of water.
3. Nutritional disease:Improper diet such as imbalance in the nutrition composition of feeds
Prevention: good management practice and feeding of fish with complete nutrient and feed requirement
3 0 CHAPTER THREE MAGGOT PRODUCTION
3.1 Maggot production is the method employ in stimulating and producing of maggot for effiency and proper utilization.
3.2 HARVESTING METHOD OF MAGGOT
The method involve the flushing of battery cage which is already have enough and mature maggot and is due for harvest.
The staff in this section normally connect their horst to the pipe,one at edge of flush and the other staff at the harvesting point with the filter net use to collect the maggot, at the end of work,the harvested maggot are weigh on the scale before use to determine the production rate.
3.3 USES OF MAGGOT
The maggot are use mostly for the feed supplement in the animal nutrition which serve as good sources of protein.
E.g,it is feeding directly to the fish after harvesting and fried and dried and added to poultry feed.
3.4 MATERIAL USE IN STIMULATION OF MAGGOT PRODUCTION
The following are the stimulating material use in maggot production: Rotten fruit like orange, mangoes, pear and banana also dead fish and birds are also good source of stimulating material.
CHAPTER FOUR RABBIT AND GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
4.1 Rabbit production is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising of domestics rabbit as livestock for their meat, fur or wool known as cuniculture.
4.2 BREEDS OF RABBIT REARED IN WEPPA FARM
The following are the breeds of rabbit:
1 California breed:This is the second to the most popular breed use for meat production,the colour is all white,black tipping on the nose,ear and tails.
2 American chin chila: This is the tropical breed which have a strong adatative charater to be reared
3 Flemish giant: this is giant breed which mature at early stage and weigh well over 6kg
4.3 FEEDING OF RABBIT
The following are the method of feeding rabbit:
1 Extensive system: this is total depend on forage and kitchen waste.
2 Intensive systems: this depends on the prepared feed or concentrated feed from the feed mill.
3 Semi intensive system: this is the uses of forage supplement with prepared concentrate foods.
4.4 HOUSING OF RABBIT
The housing of rabbit in Weppa farm,but there are basically two method of housing rabbit:
1 outdoor hutches :in which rabbit are kept outside all the time.
2 indoor hutches: this method rabbit are kept inside the house,this is the method that Weppa farm employed.
4.5 DISEASE OF RABBIT AND CONTOL
The following are the disease of rabbit:
1 Coccidiosis: this is the disease that affects both liver and intestine of rabbit.
Prevention: anti coccidiosis drugs can be use in their water.
2 Ear mange or skin mange: this is cause by external parasite such as mite which cause damage to the skin.
Prevention: control by use of arcaicide drops and cream.
4.6 GRASS CUTTER PRODUCTION
The grass cutter which also known as cane-rat belong to the large rodent family under genus Thryonomys Spp.It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and largest specie of rodent in Nigeria after the crested porcupine.
4.7 BREEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The breeds of grass cutter are as follow:
1 Thryronomys swinderianus which is giant breed
2 Thryronomy gregorianus which is small body type but the type reared in Weppa farm is the giant type.
4.8 FEEDS OF GRASS CUTTER
The majority of grass cutter are arboreal and some are fossorial, they cosume a variety of seeds, grasses, and insects and they form a major part of the diet of many aerial and terrestrial predator.
4.9 DISEASE OF GRASS CUTTER AND THE CONTORL
The disease of grass cutter is as follow:
1 Enterotoxaemia this is the disease caused by bacteria call clostridium per fringes.
Prevention: vaccination and keep the environment clean
2 Coccidiosis the disease is cause by protozoa of the eimeria famiy.
Prevention: avoid contact with wet litter.
4.10 PIGGERY PRODUCTION
Piggery production involve the scientific and agricultural method of producing a prolific pigs.
The scientific name of pigs is called Sus scrofa.
4.11 TYPE OF PIGS / BREEDS OF PIGS
There are two type of pig that I was thought in Weppa farm:
1 Indigenous pigs ( local pigs)
2 Exotic pigs ( foreign pigs)
While the breeds of pigs is as follow:
1 Large white ( Yorkshire)
2 Land race
3 Hampshire
4.12 Feeds of pigs
The swine feed usually available commercially are:
(a) creeps feed 16%
(b) Sow and weaner meal 14%
(c) Swine finishing meal 12%. but Weppa farm feed mostly on a concentrated and local formulated feeds.
4.13 Disease of pigs and control
The disease of pig is as follow:
1 Parasitic disease such as tick, mite and ice
Control: regular treatment such as spraying etc.
2 Infectious disease such as African swine fever, foot and mouth disease
Control: prevent the direct contact with domestic and wild pigs
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE WORKSHOP AND STORAGE FACILITY
5.1 Most of accident in workshops involve slips,trip and fall or poor handlings of tools and a proper care and protection need to put in place like safety boot,nose guide,and hand grooves.
5.2 Tools require in workshops
There are many tools use in Weppa farm workshops which includes Screw driver, Plier,Harmmer, A set of Allen keys etc
5.3 Trouble shooting in engine
Some trouble shooting engine such as engine fail to start, Fuel faulty, fuel filter etc and need mechanical attention.
5.4 Emissions system
Emission system is a group of component in your car that work together to control the emission and pollutant released from the exhaust pipe
5.5 Engine cooling system
The cooling system is a component which include a radiator, water pump, and a coolant pump etc
5.6 filter and fluids
Filter screen the dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from entering the engine .While the fluids is any rubricating substances that facilitate the movement of machine.
5.7 BRAKE PROBLEM
The major problem common with drum brake is that, the shoe lining or brake pad will run out of frictions material used for stopping.
5.8 CYLINDER AND GASKET
A cylinder is a vital part of engine where fuel is combusted and power is generated while Gasket is a pieces of soft material or rubber put between two joined metal surface to prevent gas, oil from escaping.
5.9 SPARK PLUGS
Spark plugs as the name implies is spark spark plugs that supplied a small electrical spark to the engine, I was also told in Weppa farm that without plugs in machine particular with one that is using plugs can not start.
5.10 STORAGE FACILTIY
Storage facility in Weppa farm is a major component part where a major spare part are keep and sign out with the appropriate staff for various use.
5.11 TYPE OF MATRIAL FOUND IN STORE IN WEPPA FARM
There are various material found in Weppa store, it includes the following: Spare tire for tractor, Knapsack, Nylon, Engine part, Machine part and lot more.
5.12 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN STORE
The safety precaution in the store is as follow:
1 proper record must be in place to ensure adequate store keeping
2 Non members of staff is not permitted to sign any material in the store
3 It must be properly use for the purpose meant for
CHAPTER SIX FEED MILL PRODUCTION
Feed mill processing is an area in leventis Weppa farm where various type of feed are produce and supplied to the unit.
6.2 TYPE OF FEED FORMULATION
There are four major type of feed formulation in Weppa farm, they are:
1 Broiler starter: this is the type of feed formulated for D.O.C broiler from week 1-4
2 Chick mash: this the type of feed used for the D.O.C pullet from week 1-week 8 or 9
3 Grower mash: this is the type of feed used for growing birds as a rational stage
4 Broiler finisher: this is the type of feed used for broiler till the total sales
6.3 MATERIAL USE IN FEED FORMULATION
The formulation consists of the following ingredient:
Maize,Wheat offal,Ground nut cake,Soya beans meal,Bone meal,Palm kernel cake,Methionine,Lysine Limestone Salt,Acidifier, anti oxidant and Anti cocci etc
6.4 SAFETY PRECAUTION
The safety precaution in the feed mill is as follow:
1 The staff must wear nose guide
2 The staff must wear hand groves and ear cover
3 During hammering of maize, the machine must stop before offloading
CHAPTER 7 OIL MIL PRODUTION
According to explanation I got from Weppa farm,The oil palm which is known as (Elaeis guineensis) comprises of two species of the Arecaceae or palm family.The African oil palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west African and the American oil palm which is known as Elaeis oleiferea. But the type plant in Weppa farm is the Tenera type which is the cross breed of two type.
7.1 HOW TO HARVEST OI PALM BUNCH
The harvesting of oil palm is done in Weppa farm by the uses of chisel knife, sickles knife and axe.
The work is usually done by the filed staff monitor by the supervisors and the packing and loading by the female staff.
7.2 COOKING PROCESS
The cooking is the method use to soften the mesocap from the kernel by the aid of baker and fire wood before moving the kernel to the extraction unit
7.2 FERMENTION PROCESS
The fermentation process is the method used in Weppa farm to placed the oil palm bunch into final ripen stage in the sun and make the oil to go into mesocarp surface so as to have much oil extraction.
7.3 MILLING PROCESS
The milling have different stage in Weppa farm before the oil is extracted, it start with cooking by de-bunch the kernel, cooking in a baker and to the extracting machine which will do the final milling of the oil before storage.
7.4 THE USES OF PALM KERNEL AND THE SHAFT
The use of palm kernel and shaft is as follow:
1 the kernel is use in kernel oil making and shaft as local fertilizer when grinded
2 the shaft is also use in road construction and the kernel as animal feeds
7.5 PALM OIL STORAGE
The storage of oil palm is store in various places like keg, jerican, and tank and sometimes in three thousand liter of tanker vehicle.
7.6 SAFETY PRECAUTION
Oil mill safety precaution is very important in Weppa farm and they are strictly adhere to those precaution which are as follow:
1 No entry without safety boot
2 No work for you without hands grooves
3You must put on your helmet before attending to any work
4 Non members of oil mill staff are not allowed to go there during and after working hour.
7.7 SALES PROCESS
The sale is one of the major and strategic method through which red oil are been sold in Weppa farm, it involve the transferring of the milled oil to the sales unit where various customers are permitted through the clerk account where the payment are made and the invoice are shown to the sales for confirmation and then product are giving to the demanded customers.
There are various numbers of litters sold in Weppa farm, it ranges from 6 litres, 10 litters and 25 litters respectively and which also differ in price.
7.8 NURSERY PROCESS OF OIL PALM
Germination of oil palm seeds – According to oil nursery supervisor Mr. Kayode coated that The oil palm seed is very difficult to
germinate. In order to obtain a high percentage of germination in a short time, the
Following conditions must be fulfilled.
• A constantly maintained temperature of 39º±1º C. (103ºF). •
A carefully controlled seed moist medium and controlled aeration.
All germinated seeds must be removed immediately they are noticed and planted into:•polythene bag that had been filled with good top soil or
Pre-nursery trays and not directly into the nursery.
7.9 TRASNPLANTING TO THE FIELD
Field Planting - Two methods have been involved for the planting of oil palm
seedlings into the field --Ball of earth and Naked Root System
i. Ball of Earth Planting
In planting with the ball of earth, the seedlings are lifted with a whole ball of earth in the
Nursery with a Was cot cylinder or spade. Care should be taken to maintain the ball of
Earth intact. These are transported in Tractor bucket to the field and placed in the already dug
Holes. As deep or shallow planting may lead to failure, it is very much important that the
Correct depth of planting must be observed. Do not bury any green portion of the base.
Fill the gap between ball of earth and surrounding soil with good top soil and firmly
Pressed down.
ii. Naked Root System
Before lifting the seedlings from the nursery, cut off half of every leaf except the pruning
may be less severe. The planting hole for naked root seedling should be cross-shaped
with a little elevation at the centre upon which the base of the seedling will sit.
7.10 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
The major fertilizer use in Weppa farms are NPK and Urea fertilizer and are applied as thus, 28gm (1 oz) of a 1:1:1:2 N.P.K.mg mixtures per seedling / month after transplanting.
7.11 DISEASE OF OIL PALM
I.Diseases of Oil Palms - could be broadly classified under two headings, namely--
Parasitic diseases and Deficiency diseases.
a.. Deficiency Diseases
Although the oil palm tolerates acid conditions and grows well on soils of low fertility,
Yet it is highly susceptible to deficiencies of K & Mg which in most cases lead to reduction in yield, but Weppa farm was a blessed because they don’t experience disease attacking oil palm
Control: supply the oil palm with all deficient nutrient such calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen etc
And the Parasitic Diseases are as follow
O Anthracnose
o Freckle
O Blast
Control: Spray the plant with necessary insecticide as it prescribed by physician
CHAPTER 8
OBSERVATION
8.1 As a student of agriculture, my first observation was the prompt resumption to the work by senior staff and the junior staff and the cognition of the different between the school environment and the labor market as it is different ball game entirely.
And also safety was paramount in Weppa farm and it could be easily be seen as the primary goals of every staff of the company not only the hierarchies.
Communication also play a vital roles in successful execution of the job from among the managers to the senior staff and whoever below are all in touch both the customers and each of the departmental.
8.2 CONTRIBUTION
My contribution were shown in my work done service given as a student of agriculture precisely junior animal scientist in the establishment which was basically on livestock’s production,fishery,grass cutter, feed mill and many more. I was be able to maximize the job effiently and work output in my very sections.because after few month, my supervisor gave me the access to work directly with the brooding house and some other relevant area to gain more knowledge.
And also, I introduce the prompt parking of litter and avoid sweeping of the room of D.O.C birds so as to avoid chronicle respiratory disease.
8.3 CONCLUSION
My 6 month of industrial attachment as the junior animal scientist at Weppa farm Leventis foundation was a huge success and great time acquisition of knowledge and skills.
During my training,I was able to appreciate my chosen courses of study even more because I had the opportunity to blend the theorical knowledge acquired from school with the practical hand – on application of knowledge gained here to perform very important task that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company.
8.4 RECOMMENDATION
I use this means to recommended the following ,concern the training of the student industrial attachment.
(1) I would like recommend that the agricultural curriculum in the national open university of Nigeria to be adjusted such as it will provide gaining on industrial for a longer period of time as opposed to 6 month.
(2) Alloance should be paid to the student during their programmed just like NYSC and not after ,this would help them a great deal to handle some financial problem during training courses.
(3) Transport should also be made available to the student for easy access to their various training area.
8.5 CHALLENGE ENCOUNTER DURING THE PERIOD OF MY TRAINING
The my training, transportation or feeding wasn’t given to me, I had to feed myself and transported myself to the different field.
Also, the field was very distance from each other as this was also a difficult task for me
Injecting of animals was not allow to be done by student except by the granted other of the vect doctor.
8..6 REFERENCE
• FAO 2010Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations statistical databases. See http://faostat.fao.org/
• Gandini G. C., Villa E.2003Analysis of the cultural value of local livestock breeds: a methodology. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 120, 1–11 [Google Scholar]
• GEO4. Global Environment Outlook 4, Environment for Development. United Nations Environment Programme; 2007. See http://www.unep.org/GEO/geo4 . [Google Scholar]
• Gura S. Industrial livestock production and its impact on smallholders in developing countries. 2008 Consultancy report to the League for Pastoral Peoples and Endogenous Livestock Development, Germany. See http://www.pastoralpeoples.org . [Google Scholar]
• Hare E., Norman H. D., Wright J. R.2006Trends in calving ages and calving intervals for dairy cattle breeds in the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 365–370 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Hayes B. J., Bowman P. J., Chamberlain A. J., Goddard M. E.2009Genomic selection in dairy cattle: progress and challenges. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 433–443 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2009Drivers of change in crop–livestock systems and their potential impacts on agro-ecosystems services and human well-being to 2030. Study commissioned by the CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP). Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI [Google Scholar]
• Herrero M., et al.2010Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science 327, 822–825 (doi:10.1126/science.1183725) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2007Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptatioyield and cow replacement rate. Anim. Sci. 82, 705–716 [Google Scholar]
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